Weekly Blog 10 - Final Post

Thursday marked our last class of the quarter. It was sad to see this quarter come to an end but I’m excited for the future. In class, we had two guest lecturers. One talked about a technology that she felt could be beneficial to teachers. It used a Nintendo Wii controller to work the mouse on a computer that was projected onto the white board. I found this to be a cool little piece of technology. The second lecturer was a astrobiologist who talked to us about his field. This was an interesting presentation to me, as I have always been a bit of an astronomy and astrobiology enthusiast. I learned a lot from both lectures. There are classroom applications to both of these lectures. The first one is obvious. The tool discussed it something that could easily be used in a classroom as a cool and innovative way to teach ones students. The second lecture was important because it emphasized the importance of a variety of fields. Astrobiology utilizes geology, astronomy, biology, and other fields. The lecture served as a reminder that in the real world, it often takes a variety of areas of expertise to solve problems. This is most likely my last post on this blog. It was fun blogging throughout the quarter and it really helped me digest some of the issues talked about in class. It’s been fun.

Weekly Blog 9

Today’s class was dedicated entirely to working on digital story projects. Still, even though there was no lesson, I was able to learn some valuable information. For my group’s digital story, we are focusing on a program called VoiceThread. I had no prior knowledge of how to use this program, so by playing around with it in class, I was able to gain a better understanding of how to use it. Voice thread allows one to create a digital story with still images, video, and sound. What is cool about this program is that users can leave comments on videos in a variety of ways, be it through text or narration. This site has some definite classroom applications. VoiceThread could be used as an alternative way to present projects. By using this format, a teacher and other classmates could comment digitally on the video. Or a teacher could have their students watch history-related digital stories, for example, then leave comments. By doing this, students would be engaging in an online discussion of sorts. I do have questions about this program still, notably, just technical things that I find confusing. I still don’t think I realized the full potential of this program, and would like to become more familiar with all the possibilities of using this site.

Weekly Blog 8

Today in class, a portion of class was spent going over how to find practictioner-based articles online. All the fields of study have journals which relate to teaching. I spent some time in class today searching through articles which could be appropriate for the required Technologies in the Classroom assignment. I had always known that many documents could be found through UW Libraries, however, I often feel like many overlook this great resource. Being able to gain a greater familiarization of UW Libraries was a very signifcant thing I learned in class today, and it made me think about libraries in general. When I was in elementary school, if I wanted information for a project or something, I would have to go to my local public library. Now, so many of the resources found at public libraries can also be found online. While high school students might not necessarily have access to the UW Library, there still exist many other online library resources. Students don’t have to only rely on Wikipedia and other sites of this nature. While I happen to see a lot of value in Wikipedia, many teachers don’t see this as a reliable source. Many reliable online journals, E-Books, and other forms of media can be found on the web, so the classroom applications of online library resources are obvious. The main questions I have left over from class surround the future of the web. How will techology in the future change with regards to online library resources? Questions like this cannot be answered, but are fun to discuss and think about.

Weekly Blog 7

Last week’s class again focused a lot on video games. Different groups took turns presenting their games to the class. I found this aspect of class very interesting, as I was able to gain a better understanding of the classroom applications of video games. Some of the games seemed like they either had little educational value or were not that practical for a classroom setting. I was surprised that a game from my childhood, Math Blaster, had advanced to the point where one would almost need a controller to play it. Some games did seem educational though. I feel that Diner Tycoon definitely has some advantages, as one must think critically about math and running a business. I still am not quite sold on the practicality of video games in the class however. I certainly could not see video games playing a major role in the curriculum of any teacher. Perhaps on a day where there is a substitute or not much going on, a teacher could allow their students to play some games, but then other issues arise. For example, most classrooms are not equipped with enough computers for all the kids to play. This could create distractions in the classroom. I feel like the primary benefits to educational video games it that they can be played at home. The question I have is can video games be made to be educational but at the same time have enough appeal that kids will want to regularly play them outside of school. There exist a few games, like Oregon Trail, that seem to offer this but not nearly enough.

Technology in School - In Class - 11/12

The readings this week brought up many interesting points with regards to the use of technology in schools. There most definitely exist some new technologies which can be applied to the classroom. Some of the free grade book and rubric making sites can be helpful to teachers. Free Technology for Teachers also offers many useful links to a variety of technologies which I could see being used in the classroom (I discussed some of the applications in an earlier blog). There are many technologies out there which are cheap, and that can make the learning process easier for both teachers and students. These tend to be however, the less innovative technologies. Things like online documentaries and map making tools make teaching easier, but aren’t necessarily that radical of a thing to include in a classroom. The technologies that really push my thinking about teaching and learning are things like video games and social networking sites, as well as other things that are not typically thought about as classroom appropriate. I’m somewhat torn as to whether I am willing to welcome these new technologies into the classroom. On the one hand, if they can help aid learning, I’m all for it. Part of me however, likes to think the role of the teacher is to inspire and I question whether or not this can be possible if technology takes over the classroom. To be honest, I envision myself as being the type of teacher that stands in front of class and tries to engage the students by combining lecturing and lively discussion. Advancements in technology make me question how future learning might be different from the current style of teaching.

Weekly Blog 6

Much of class today was centered on discussion of video games, and there place in education. Many ideas and viewpoints on the matter were tossed around, and I have to admit I was skeptical about what some of my peers were arguing. As an avid gamer, I found myself believing that video games were in no way educational. I mean I play tons of video games and never thought I got anything out of them other than recreational value. However, in class today we were able to play around with different video games. The game my group played was called Diner Tycoon, and I have to admit, after about an hour of playing I definitely saw some educational value, and because of this I would say the most significant thing I learned in class today was that video games can provide some sort benefit to kids. In this game, the player must build up restaurants to compete with a rival business. Players can determine what is on the menu, what and how many ingredients to buy, as well as how to advertise and when to build new restaurants. I really believe that this game was a great way to introduce kids to business and entrepreneurship. Not only this, but players must think critically about how to act, as their actions will determine their success in the game. It also teaches kids how to manage their money, as players must determine what to buy and when to buy it. Too many bad investments and a player will lose the game. I could definitely seem classroom applications of this game. The only questions I have left surround some of the other games my classmates played. I would be interested to perhaps discuss some of the other games and how they could apply to a classroom setting. Did every group feel that their game had educational value?

Weekly Blog 5

I must admit that today’s class was slightly overwhelming. So many new programs and websites were learned and not much time to fully realize the full potential of each. However, it is pretty clear that the most significant thing I learned about today was the blog Free Technology For Teachers (found here: http://www.freetech4teachers.com/). What an amazing site. The blog provides countless links to technology related sites, all of which have some relation to teaching. Being someone whose concentration is social studies/history teaching, I was able to search for posts using the keyword: History. What I found was a multitude of different posts, all of which highlighted some site which relates to both history and technology. For example, I found one site which has thousands of hours of video footage from different documentaries and news stories, and there were countless other links to things just like this. This blog will be a great resource later in my life when I begin teaching. It will be fun to browse the site in search of things that I can use in the classroom. The only questions I have left over from class are questions surrounding the classroom applications of some of the things found on Free Technology For Teachers. Some are obvious. Most of what I found involved interactive maps, historical videos, animations, etc. All these would be great tools to use in a classroom as I feel that they would help present material in a more fun manner for students. However, I do feel that it would be nice to maybe hear what some of my peers discovered on the site and some of the potential classroom applications of their findings.

10 Useful Technology Websites

http://maker.geocommons.com/
This is a link to a map making program called Maker! This program allows one to make data-rich maps extremely easily. In addition, Maker! allows one access to various previously made maps which are very interactive and simple to maneuver through.

http://www.xtimeline.com/
This is a link to a site full of timelines on a multitude of events. The site is called Xtimeline and allows one to search for timelines which are all very interactive and easy to navigate. From the discovery of the atom to World War II, Xtimeline is great for visually displaying specific dates and events.

http://www.conflicthistory.com
Conflict History adds a timeline to Google Maps. This site is easy to use, as one can navigate through different time periods and look at the major conflicts of the world. The site not only will show wars, but for big conflicts, such as WWI, the site shows specific battles. By clicking on a conflict, one can read a brief summary of the event.

http://historyanimated.com/newhistoryanimated/
History animated is a site which is great for teachers looking for animated displays surrounding the WWII Pacific battles, the Civil War, and the US Revolutionary War. By selecting a specific battle, one is able to see a visual animation of the battle, as well as a brief description to aid viewers in recognizing what is going on.

http://www.historyisaweapon.org/zinnapeopleshistory.html
A common book used in high school history classrooms is Howard Zinn’s, A People’s History of the United States (It was used at my high school). This website offers an online version of the book, and one can navigate it easily as links are provided for each chapter.

http://makehistory.national911memorial.org/
One major event in recent US history which is sure to be a focal point of future history curriculum was the horrible events of September 11, 2001. This site offers a collective telling of the events from the people who experienced them. It’s very interactive and contains a ton of information.

http://www.easytestmaker.com/default.aspx
This is a link to a test making site. This free program allows one to make a variety of different tests. One can easily make alternative tests as well as master copies. This site is nice because it eliminates frustrations that arise in formatting for non-tech savvy people like me.

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do
This is a link to the History Channel website, specifically, a feature they have called “This Day In History.” One can have access to short videos which mention the major historical events that occurred on each day in the calendar year. From this link, one can also find links to various other videos presented by the History Channel.

http://www.history.com/states.do
This site provides an interactive map of the United States. By clicking on each state, one is allowed access to a variety of information on that particular place. Included are fun facts, video, stats, images, and more. Also included are games which allow students to test their knowledge. The History Channel website is loaded with fun and useful information.

http://ahivfree.alexanderstreet.com/
American History in Video offers thousands of hours of video on topics relating to American history. One can view many documentary and news videos. The site makes it easy to search for video and one can simply watch them online. The coolest part about the videos is that a teacher can clip long videos to show only what they deem appropriate to the classroom.

Weekly Blog 4

Since the humanities students have dedicated most the last couple weeks working on digital storytelling, I was introduced to something completely new in class today when we used Fathom. Although I wasn't able to get too in depth in using this program, at first glance I would describe it sort of like Microsoft Excel on steroids. I was amazed at how easy and interactive it was. Basically, one can take any data set and with the drag of a mouse create a table, chart, or graph. Not only this, Fathom makes it very easy to adjust the graphs and tables one makes. I would say this is the most significant thing I learned today, especially because we dedicated a portion of class talking about the classroom applications of it. For humanities classes, we discussed how Fathom could be used as a way to display statistics or population data. As a class, we examined Vietnam War draft data. By creating a graph with Fathom, we were able to see trends in the draft lottery numbers. We saw that the later months tended to have the lowest draft numbers, which was a bad thing for people born in those months who didn’t want to go to war. This led to a revelation on how the draft process worked. This was just one example of how Fathom could be applied to a social studies classroom. The classroom applications of Fathom for math and sciences are rather obvious. These fields deal profusely with statistical data and numbers. Fathom is perfect for aiding in making sense of data of this sort. I do still however have questions about Fathom. I don’t feel that I really got to fully learn the capabilities of this program. I would love to know other ways people think that this program could be used in say, a history class, for example.

Child Observation

Earlier this morning I took a trip to my local mall with the hopes of observing some children using technology. I thought that to best accomplish this, I should set up shop in the food court. I grabbed some food from Taco Time and sat down at a table near two teenage boys. While trying to be as “un-creepy” as possible, I watched them for about half an hour using various forms of technology. I mostly observed these kids on their cell phones. One of the boys had a simple phone, which he appeared to be texting on frequently. The other kid had an iPhone, and was either texting or using some sort of other app (it was hard to tell without me standing over his shoulder). After 15 minutes or so, one of the boys got up and left. As he was walking away I saw him pull out an iPod and put his headphones on. The boy who was left at the table began to use his iPhone again, and he looked to be playing some sort of game on it. I would say that during the time I was observing the kids were using some sort of technology for about half the time. Watching these kids made it clear just how much interaction we have with technology on a daily basis. Portable phones and music players seem to be common among younger generations. Being relatively young, knowing how to use technology like cell phones and mp3 players comes almost naturally. Conversely, if I was to hand my grandma an iPhone she would have to clue what to do with it. Many young people today have the ability to quickly learn and adapt to new technologies. They don’t really need to learn anything else to successfully use new technologies. A lot of kids can seemingly play around with a new device for a few minutes and figure out how to use it. Children today are so good with technology. It seems like there exist many ways for new technology to be used to enhance learning. I think that technology has already aided learning. Just look at the internet. One can find information about virtually anything with just one click of a button. If I want to look something up, instead of having to go to the library and look at an encyclopedia, I can just Google it. When a kid needs to do a research assignment for school, I can assure you they’re not going to the library to check out books. They’re going online. I think one of the big challenges teachers face and will continue to face surrounds the question of how to successfully apply new technologies to enhance learning. Technology has the potential to revolutionize the way teachers teach. As a teacher, the goal is always to present material to your students in a manner which will maximize the amount of learning. How can new technologies help accomplish the goal? That is something my peers and I will have to figure out.

Weekly Blog 3

We had a substitute in class today; therefore the entire class was spent working on our digital stories. It’s difficult to determine what the most significant thing I learned in class was, as discussion was limited. However, I would say one thing in learned was that our cohort has some pretty creative students. I was very impressed with many of the digital stories that were shown to the class. All of them were unique and interesting and I think that I gained a greater appreciation for the practice of digital storytelling. It is definitely an innovative way to present information. Questions I have left over from class are many of the same I had last week. Mainly, what is the purpose of this assignment? I would be interested in further discussing some of the benefits of each student making a digital story. Clearly there are some great applications of this technology and I would be curious to hear what some of my peers thought about this. We briefly touched on some of the classroom applications of digital storytelling in the last few minutes of class. One use of this technology was that students could use it as a means of doing a report and presenting data and information about a specific topic. It was mentioned that digital storytelling is a great way for students on the shy side to feel more comfortable contributing to the class. As someone who was pretty shy as a young student, I would have to agree. Last week I mentioned that digital storytelling could be a good way for students to creatively introduce themselves to one another. These thoughts have only been strengthened with my extensive use of Photo Story 3.

Technology Blog - Wednesday

It is now Wednesday and I have to admit my mind is still on last Saturday’s Husky football game. It was such an amazing game that I can’t get enough analysis and insight about it. My busy schedule doesn’t allow for me to listen to talk-radio as they discuss the game, but luckily there is a new bit of technology that helps solve this problem. Today, I have been able to go online and listen to past radio interviews and post-game analysis. Gone are the days of having to turn on your radio and listen live. I can now go to the radio station website and listen to any bit of past radio that I want. This had made life extremely easier. Also, many radio stations allow one to listen live online. If I wanted to listen to a New York radio station that was not broadcast in the Seattle area, chances are I could go online and listen. Not only can I get radio information online, but video as well. There were a number of amazing plays from Saturday’s game, many of which are now up on YouTube. I can watch these plays as many times as I want. Added to this are post-game video interviews which are up on various UW websites. Just about any aspect of the game that I missed can be found online. For a big time Husky fan like me, this new technology has been nothing but amazing,

Technology Blog - Tuesday

As I sit in the UW-Bothell library and try to write my Tuesday Technology Blog, I can’t help but be amazed that I can work here on my laptop and use the internet without any sort of connections to my computer or dialing-up. Wireless internet technology is something that is so incredible to me, mostly because it’s a technology that I didn’t grow up with. It wasn’t until I got a new laptop a few months ago that I first connected wirelessly to the internet, and now I’m hooked. It has made life so much easier. I can take my laptop anywhere on campus and be “connected.” I am young enough that internet has been around for most of my life. I remember going on a field trip in elementary school to a UW computer lab and being exposed to it for the first time. I was amazed by what was available. I remember going online and seeing clips from Star Wars and thinking it was the coolest thing. Later, our family would get internet. Remember that annoying dial-tone as your modem connected? Then anytime someone tried to call they would get a busy signal, so my mom would get mad anytime I was online too long. But now I have wireless internet. No weird noises. No clogging up the phone line. Just great high speed internet. I would say that this technology has definitely made my life easier. Now I couldn’t imagine ever not having wireless internet, which I think is one of the funny things about technology which I have touched on before. I thought the slow dial-up internet was fantastic as an elementary student because I couldn't fathom wireless high speed internet. But now that I’ve been exposed to the future, I would get too frustrated if I had to go back to a dial-up modem.

Technology Blog - Monday

Being relatively young, it is difficult for me to remember a time in my life when there wasn’t cable TV or internet. Our family got cable when I was pretty young and although we were somewhat late-comers to joining the online world, I still remember using the internet in elementary school. I can remember a time without text messaging however. I remember in middle school, pagers and simple mobile phones were all the rage. Then eventually text messaging came around and completely changed the way we communicate with each other. I have already gotten two texts from friends as I type this. Those opposed to text messaging would argue that it is easier and quicker just to call someone. Not to mention that it is more sociable to use spoken language to communicate with one another. I however, happen to like text messaging and find that it makes my life easier. In this busy world we live in, it is often easier just to send a text to someone, that way they can respond at their convenience. Texting also allows for people to communicate in places were speaking on the phone would not be acceptable, like in class or in the library. I’m not trying to argue that speaking orally over the phone is flawed in any way. I just find that in my case, texting has made things easier and I find it to be a useful alternative to other methods of communication, especially now as I am learning to text faster and with more efficiency. I can almost text without looking and I’m a master at texting while driving. I’m very curious to learn what new technologies will arise in the future that will change the way we communicate.

Weekly Blog 2

I found last Thursday’s class to be extremely interesting. Much of the class was spent with an engaging discussion on technology, notably the class as a whole tried to answer the question: What is technology? The second part of class was dedicated to learning about and working on digital stories. This subject was of particular interest to me, as I have always had a passion for storytelling, though my concentration in the area had always been through a film medium. So learning about this new method of storytelling, which uses still images and narration, was very appealing to me and I would say this was the most significant thing I learned about in class. My only real questions that were left over from class surround digital storytelling. Namely, what is the purpose of this assignment? I have found working on the digital story to be very cool, but I’m not quite sure how this relates to teaching. Is this merely an assignment designed to allow us all a chance to introduce ourselves to the rest of the class? Or are there educational applications to using digital storytelling? In an attempt to answer my own question, I’ve tried to think about just what are the classroom applications of digital storytelling. Like alluded to earlier, I could see digital storytelling as being a great way to introduce yourself. Sort of like a 21st century icebreaker. Teachers could use this method to help familiarize themselves with their students. It is also a way for students to use their creativity and engage in an assignment that isn’t necessarily considered a classroom norm.

Technology Blog - Sunday

What an incredible Husky Football win last night. It was truly an amazing thing to witness. So why am I bringing this up in a blog about technology? Well, being the big time Husky fan that I am, I enjoy to reading about the team after victories. I get most of my information about the game not from newspapers, but online sources. These would include online news and sports sites, and also fan message boards. Back before the internet, a person’s primary source of news would come from a newspaper or TV. This could be limiting as people were only being exposed to a few perspectives on issues. Now with the internet, everyone can share their opinion. I like to go on Husky Football message boards to see what other fans like me are saying about the team. In this online community, everyone has a voice. People can share opinions, links, and any other thoughts they choose to. The internet has truly revolutionized the way we share and gain information. There are troubling aspects to this, however, as credibility issues begin to arise. With all this information at your fingertips, it is sometimes difficult to determine what is credible and what is not. People must be careful with what they find online, as what may seem to be reliable might turn out not to be.

Technology Blog - Saturday

Today’s blog about technology will focus on one of my favorite Saturday morning traditions. This tradition involves waking up, planting myself on the couch, and watching college football. In the past, you didn’t have an option of watching games in High Definition. All the channels looked the same and one was fine with this. Then HDTV came along, and it is nearly impossible for me to now watch a game that isn’t in 1080p. This is really like the Matrix and the whole “ignorance is bliss” idea. Before HDTV, we had no knowledge of plasma’s and LCD’s and flat screens. There were just basic tube televisions and people were happy. Now the mere thought of a tube TV will frighten most tech savvy couch potatoes. I feel like many technologies are like this. The world was just fine before the internet, but now that we have it, it would be impossible to go back to a world without it. The same can be said for TV’s. People listened to the radio before TV and got a lot of entertainment from it. Then TV came along and people got hooked to it. Kids from my generation couldn’t imagine a time without TV or internet. We wouldn’t know what to do with ourselves. We would have to read books and listen to radio programs, and believe me, this doesn’t appeal to the average person my age and younger. So as I sit and watch Arkansas battle against Auburn on my 42 inch Samsung HDTV, I can’t help but ponder what technologies the future will bring us. 100 years ago, no one could have imaged the internet. What will the future bring? It’s almost scary to think about. For now, I’ll just keep watching the game.

Technology Blog - Friday

As I sit on my couch, I use my wireless internet on my laptop to blog this. All the while I am listening to music on iTunes and watching some Sportscenter on my HDTV. I’m taking frequent breaks to text my friends about plans for tonight. It is at this moment, I truly realize just how much our lives are effected by technology. It is literally everywhere and is virtually inescapable. It makes me think about humanity and how crazy it is that we’re all just floating on this tiny rock in space, and yet, as humans we’ve been able to create so much. It’s almost scary to think about. I just wanted to point that out before talking about my latest frustration with technology. So last night I go back to my car in the UW-Bothell parking lot after class and realize I have a $20 parking ticket. I thought I could beat the system. I didn’t put $3 in the parking machine, and hence, parking enforcement was able to check the machine and see who didn’t pay to park. This wouldn’t have happened years ago when cars were first being put into use. New advancements in technology have allowed for new ways to take money out of my pocket. This is definitely frustrating, but then again, thus is life. Not all new technologies are going to be celebrated.

Technology Blog - Thursday

I think my most profound encounter with technology today came in class when we began to create digital stories. We use so much technology in our daily lives that anytime I am exposed to something new, I am always intrigued. The program we used to create digital stories was Photo Story 3. I would say this technology definitely helped me. The format of the program was pretty straight forward and easy to use. It almost was like a tutorial in its set up. Pictures, titles, narration, and music are all easy to add. The only frustrating thing was the size of the screen. I was unable to work on my project in any sort of full-screen mode. Instead I had to try and add titles to my work while looking at this tiny little picture. You would think the people at Microsoft could come up with an easy solution to this, or maybe there is and I just couldn’t figure it out. To further add to my encounter with technology, the fact that I was working on a computer meant I could multi-task (or multi-process according to one of the readings). So while I was working on this project I was looking at stuff online and listening to music. We had talked a little about how kids today are really good multi-taskers and have short attention spans. I guess I fit that category. I’m one of the younger people in the class and still tend to think of myself as a kid. I was able to use many other different forms of technology and still manage to get a good start on my digital story project.

Weekly Blog 1

I think that the most important thing I came away with from class last Thursday was a new way of looking at today’s changing technology and it’s relation to teaching. It’s obvious that technology is always changing. It became clear to me after class that as technology evolves so too will methods of teaching. I came to realize that as future teachers, we must all look for ways that the wealth of new technology can be used as an effective tool to help students learn. These revelations naturally lead to a myriad of questions. In what ways can some of the new technologies help improve the way educators teach? Are old methods of teaching becoming obsolete as technology improves? How do you determine if a new technology is a distraction or useful teaching tool? How can social networking sites be used in education? These are all questions that I hope will become topics of discussion later in the course. I realize that many of my questions may not have clear answers. I do feel that much of what we learned about social networking can potentially have some applications to classroom practice. We focused a lot of attention to Twitter in class. I was impressed about how easily opinions and information could be shared through this online community. I could see social networking sites such as Twitter possibly being used in the classroom in the near future. To what extent still yet to be seen.

Twitter Response

I must admit, when I first heard that we were going to have to register for a Twitter account as part of a class assignment, I wasn’t exactly enthused. The idea of posting frequent updates about my life to some public forum seemed rather strange. I mean, who cares about what I am doing at 12:36 PM on a Saturday afternoon? After using Twitter for a while, my opinions began to change. My classmates weren’t only posting life updates, but also sharing views and beliefs about different issues. Not only this, people were sharing links and other information with each other. It was very cool to see so much activity and discussion among my peers. With that said, do I think that Twitter is going to revolutionize the way we share information? I would lean towards no. While my experience with Twitter was positive, and I definitely saw some advantages of using it, I tend to think that Twitter may be more of fad. Twitter was generally easy to use and figure out, but I feel that soon another social networking site will come around to take the place of Twitter. It seems like this has happened among the social networking sites to an extent, with Facebook becoming more popular that Myspace and now Twitter being more popular than Facebook. However, I do feel that I will keep using Twitter at least for the time being. I have already been reconnected with some friends outside of class that live in different regions of the country. It’s nice to be “connected” with them and my UW-Bothell cohort.

What Animal Would I Be???

I would probably want to be a cheetah. I think it would be pretty awesome to be able to run that fast. Plus, lets be honest, they look pretty dang cool.